{"id":6368,"date":"2022-11-21T08:00:21","date_gmt":"2022-11-21T14:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ele.local\/?p=6368"},"modified":"2022-11-21T08:41:49","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T14:41:49","slug":"what-is-a-first-generation-student-anyway-the-confusing-landscape-of-definitions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.everylearnereverywhere.org\/es\/blog\/what-is-a-first-generation-student-anyway-the-confusing-landscape-of-definitions\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is a First-Generation Student Anyway?: The Confusing Landscape of Definitions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Definitions of first-generation college students are almost as ubiquitous as the programs designed to support them, and, depending on who is counting, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016146811812000407\">first generation can include between 22 and 77 percent of U.S. college students<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, an <a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubsearch\/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2018421\">NCES research brief<\/a> defines first-generation students as when neither parent or guardian attended college at all. In contrast, <a href=\"https:\/\/firstgen.naspa.org\/2018-landscape-analysis\">a landscape analysis by the Center for First-Generation Student Success<\/a> found that the most common definition was a broadly inclusive one based on a parent obtaining a four-year degree. In that case, students with a parent who has some college but no degree, or a parent who earned an associate\u2019s degree, would be first generation.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"inline-callout\">This article is adapted from <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.everylearnereverywhere.org\/es\/resources\/toward-ending-the-monolithic-view-of-underrepresented-students-why-higher-education-must-account-for-racial-ethnic-and-economic-variations-in-barriers-to-equity\/\">Toward Ending the Monolithic View of \u201cUnderrepresented Students\u201d: Why Higher Education Must Account for Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Variations in Barriers to Equity<\/a><\/em>, a comprehensive report on how higher education is grappling with the need for disaggregated data to better serve students.<\/aside>\n<p>Another common approach is no definition at all. In the Center\u2019s survey, 73 percent of respondents said their institution has a formal definition of first generation, but 12 percent were unsure. Even where a definition is established, it may not be consistently applied across all programs. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/04\/04\/mackenzie-fierceton-rhodes-scholarship-university-of-pennsylvania\">recent case of the University of Pennsylvania suing a student for fraud<\/a> hinged on whether multiple supports and scholarships offered to her had consistent definitions and whether the relevant family member was her birth mother or her foster parents.<\/p>\n<h2>Students may not recognize themselves as first generation<\/h2>\n<p>That case highlights how students are in a position of identifying themselves as first generation, a term they are unlikely to encounter outside of a higher education context. They may be reluctant to highlight their differences from supposedly \u201ctypical\u201d students. Others may not recognize themselves in the term or will assume they can\u2019t be first generation if an older sibling, the aunt who raised them, or a biological parent they have little contact with went to college.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFirst-gen students often are unaware of their first-gen identity until later in life,\u201d says Sarah Whitley, Vice President, Center for First-generation Student Success at The National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. \u201cThey understand they have a particular racial or ethnic background or that they are from a lower-income family or other identities that they have navigated their entire lives.\u201d<\/p>\n<aside class=\"inline-callout\">\n<h2>Quick facts about first-generation students<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Using NASPA\u2019s definition, <a href=\"https:\/\/firstgen.naspa.org\/files\/dmfile\/NASPA-First-generation-Student-Success-FULL-REPORT.pdf\">a third of all college students are first-generation students<\/a>, but only 27 percent of those attain their degrees within four years, \u201cmarkedly lagging behind their continuing-generation peers.\u201d Having just one parent who attended college at all increases the four-year completion rate to 54 percent.<\/li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2018\/2018421.pdf\">National Center for Education Statistics finds<\/a> that:\n<ul>\n<li>The share of children whose parents have not attended college is shrinking, from 77 percent of high school sophomores in 1980 to 62 percent by 2002.<\/li>\n<li>The proportion of first-generation students decreased from 37 percent to 33 percent between 2000 and 2012.<\/li>\n<li>First-generation students are more likely to be parents and to be working.<\/li>\n<li>An evaluation of the class of 2008 showed that for those first-generation students who do graduate, there is no statistical difference from continuing-generation students on employment outcomes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<p>For example, Julianne Castillo, a 26-year-old senior at the University of Hawai\u2018i \u2013 West O\u2018ahu isn\u2019t sure if she should characterize herself as first generation. Her mother earned a nursing certificate in the Philippines, and her father has some time in college but no degree. They couldn\u2019t afford to support Castillo\u2019s education, so she took four years off to save money for college. \u201cI feel like I&#8217;m kind of in the middle,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p>Even when students learn about first-gen programming, they may not be enthusiastic about it. \u201cOften, first-gen identity is secondary and we have to work to get students to seek resources for that identity,\u201d says Whitley. \u201cSome students want to celebrate that identity. They want it to be central and forward facing. Others are still in that space of, \u2018That&#8217;s one more label, and I don&#8217;t know if I need any more labels in my life.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Bundling first generation with racial and ethnic groups is misleading<\/h2>\n<p>In part because of the fluid definitions around first-generation students and programs, there is a tendency to conflate the term with low income or with racially minoritized students. Not all first-generation students are Pell eligible, and not all Black students are the first in their families to go to college.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe need to stop conflating every identity together,\u201d says Whitley. \u201cPeople assume first gen means low income or first gen means Black, and then all the data is a mess. We&#8217;re not doing the work of disaggregating data and understanding the actual needs of specific populations.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Intersectional work depends on understanding first generation better<\/h2>\n<p>Similarly, an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.advisingsuccessnetwork.org\/engagement-and-communication\/misunderstanding-students-approaches-to-affirming-student-identities\/#:~:text=Advising%20Success%20Network-,(Mis)Understanding%20Students%3A%20Approaches%20to,Affirming%20Student%20Identities%20(2022%20Update)&amp;text=As%20institutions%20seek%20to%20improve,in%20lived%20experiences%E2%80%94is%20required.\">Advising Success Network report on affirming student identities in higher education<\/a> says, \u201cFirst-generation college students have complex, intersectional identities, but it is a common misconception to equate being a first-generation college student with being low income . . . . It is critical to name first generation, low income, and social class as separate identities, to prompt deeper student discussion about the ways lived experiences can be different and yet intersect.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The NASPA report cited above points out that where first-generation student support programs are housed \u2014 with cultural affairs or with financial aid, for example \u2014 can reinforce the impression that those programs are meant for minoritized or poverty-affected students. Some colleges and universities may resist developing first-generation supports because they believe programs for minoritized students have the issue covered.<\/p>\n<p>Emphasizing the need for intersectional approaches to work with first-generation students, Whitley adds, \u201csome students feel when they get to college, \u2018I don&#8217;t get this place. I don&#8217;t understand the complexities of the bureaucracy.\u2019 They often blame that on other identities besides being first gen and then have to learn there are supports and resources. It&#8217;s not a negative part of who you are. It&#8217;s an identity learned later in life.\u201d<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.everylearnereverywhere.org\/es\/resources\/toward-ending-the-monolithic-view-of-underrepresented-students\/\" title=\"Toward Ending the Monolithic View of \u201cUnderrepresented Students\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"btn false\">Download Toward Ending the Monolithic View of \u201cUnderrepresented Students<\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definitions of first-generation college students are almost as ubiquitous as the programs designed to support them, and, depending on who is counting, first generation can include between 22 and 77 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.everylearnereverywhere.org\/es\/blog\/what-is-a-first-generation-student-anyway-the-confusing-landscape-of-definitions\/\" class=\"more-link\">&#8230;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":6370,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What Is a First-Generation Student Anyway?: The Confusing Landscape of Definitions - Every Learner Everywhere\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Definitions of first-generation students vary from a parent who has some college but no degree to a parent who earned an associate\u2019s degree.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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